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freeze-drying with helium

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  • advanced ceramics — ▪ ceramics Introduction       substances and processes used in the development and manufacture of ceramic materials that exhibit special properties.       As is pointed out in the article ceramic composition and properties, ceramics are… …   Universalium

  • Vacuum — This article is about empty physical space or the absence of matter. For other uses, see Vacuum (disambiguation). Free space redirects here. For other uses, see Free space (disambiguation). Pump to demonstrate vacuum In everyday usage, vacuum is… …   Wikipedia

  • Electron microscope — Diagram of a transmission electron microscope A 197 …   Wikipedia

  • vacuum technology — Introduction       all processes and physical measurements carried out under conditions of below normal atmospheric pressure. A process or physical measurement is generally performed in a vacuum for one of the following reasons: (1) to remove the …   Universalium

  • nitrogen group element — ▪ chemical elements Introduction  any of the chemical elements that constitute Group Va of the periodic table (see Figure >). The group consists of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), and bismuth (Bi). The elements share… …   Universalium

  • Vacuum pump — A vacuum pump is a device that removes gas molecules from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum. The vacuum pump was invented in 1650 by Otto von Guericke. Types Pumps can be broadly categorized according to three… …   Wikipedia

  • Earth Sciences — ▪ 2009 Introduction Geology and Geochemistry       The theme of the 33rd International Geological Congress, which was held in Norway in August 2008, was “Earth System Science: Foundation for Sustainable Development.” It was attended by nearly… …   Universalium

  • Mathematics and Physical Sciences — ▪ 2003 Introduction Mathematics       Mathematics in 2002 was marked by two discoveries in number theory. The first may have practical implications; the second satisfied a 150 year old curiosity.       Computer scientist Manindra Agrawal of the… …   Universalium

  • Heat pump — A heat pump is a machine or device that moves heat from one location (the source ) to another location (the sink or heat sink ), using work. Most heat pump technology moves heat from a low temperature heat source to a higher temperature heat sink …   Wikipedia

  • Sodium — This article is about the chemical element. For the PlayStation Home game, see Sodium (PlayStation Home). neon ← sodium → magnesium Li ↑ Na ↓ K …   Wikipedia

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